A broad review summarizing neuroprotective strategies for PD—gene therapy, exosomes, microbiome modulation, vagus nerve stimulation, anti-inflammatory approaches, and sex-hormone factors—focused on underlying molecular mechanisms and combined therapies.

By integrating multiple translationally relevant targets and intervention modalities, the review helps prioritize therapeutic avenues and combination strategies that could slow or stop dopaminergic neuron loss in PD.

Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder in the world, is characterized by the chronic and progressive death of dopaminergic neurons. Several intraneuronal mechanisms, as well as microenvironmental factors, are involved in neurodegeneration. Currently, the care for PD patients is focused on controlling motor symptoms. Designing interventions that help stop neurodegeneration remains a major challenge in PD management. This review analyzes various neuroprotective approaches that could promote neuronal survival. We explore innovative strategies, such as gene therapy, the use of exosomes, microbiome modulation, and vagus nerve stimulation. The study emphasizes that these interventions could prevent cellular damage and potentially restore neuronal function. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the importance of understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms in order to develop combined therapies. The research considers critical factors, such as suppressing neuroinflammation and the role of sex hormones in neuron survival. Thus, this review focuses on the molecular mechanisms of neuroprotective strategies under investigation to aid in developing new therapeutic interventions.