This review summarizes recent regioselective biotransformation strategies to produce ginsenoside Rd and compiles evidence of its multitarget pharmacological activities, including reported neuroprotective effects relevant to Parkinson's disease.

By addressing scalable production of Rd and aggregating preclinical data on its multitarget neuroprotective actions, the paper is useful for translational prioritization of Rd as a nutraceutical or therapeutic lead for PD, though direct mechanistic and clinical validation appear limited.

Ginsenoside Rd, a protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type tetracyclic triterpenoid saponin, has emerged as a promising bioactive constituent for multitarget therapeutic interventions. However, its natural abundance in the source plant is extremely low, making direct extraction both costly and inefficient. This review systematically summarizes the latest research progress on regioselective biotransformation strategies for Rd production since 2022. Furthermore, it comprehensively reviews recent advances in the diverse pharmacological activities of Rd. Beyond its well-recognized neuroprotective effects against neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, we also highlight its antitumor activity and multitarget protective effects in liver diseases. This review provides a theoretical basis for developing Rd as a high-value nutraceutical and therapeutic candidate for systemic health.