This review compiles evidence that Pink1-mediated mitophagy is suppressed by aging and high-fat diet but enhanced by exercise, linking these effects to dopaminergic neuron loss, α-synuclein aggregation, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance in Parkinson's disease.

It highlights a mechanistically clear, actionable axis (Pink1/Parkin, PGC-1α, BDNF, inflammation) amenable to lifestyle interventions, biomarker pursuit, and mitochondria-targeted therapeutic strategies, offering translational opportunities despite being a review.

Pink1 (PTEN-induced kinase 1) is a key guardian of mitochondrial quality via mitophagy; its mutations are tightly linked to early-onset PD. This review synthesizes how aging, exercise, and high-fat diet (HFD) modulate Pink1 activity and thereby PD risk. Aging down-regulates Pink1, impairing clearance of damaged mitochondria and promoting α-synuclein aggregation. Exercise up-regulates Pink1-Parkin signaling, enhances PGC-1α and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and protects dopaminergic neurons in humans and rodents. Conversely, chronic HFD suppresses Pink1, exacerbates oxidative stress, microglial activation and insulin resistance, accelerating Parkinson's disease pathology. Cross-species cautions (mouse vs. primate) are highlighted. Targeting Pink1-mediated mitophagy through lifestyle interventions offers a non-pharmacological strategy to delay PD onset and progression in aging populations.