The Artemisia genus, comprising over 500 species, is a cornerstone of traditional and modern medicine due to its extensive phytochemical diversity and remarkable therapeutic properties. As highlighted in this review, Artemisia demonstrates exceptional potential across nutritional, therapeutic, and industrial domains. The genus is rich in bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, sesquiterpene lactones, and terpenoids, which exhibit potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects. Its nutritional benefits are equally notable, with species like Artemisia annua and Artemisia absinthium providing macronutrients, essential minerals, and vitamins critical for metabolic health and immune support. This review systematically explores Artemisia's role in addressing chronic diseases, including its neuroprotective potential against Alzheimer's desease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) through oxidative stress reduction and inflammatory pathway modulation. Furthermore, Artemisia's contributions to sustainable agriculture, functional foods, and cosmeceuticals underline its adaptability and economic significance. However, gaps in clinical validation, sustainable cultivation, and regulatory frameworks remain barriers to fully harnessing its potential. Future multidisciplinary research and ethical policies are essential to integrate Artemisia more effectively into global health and industry. The insights provided here aim to inspire innovation in the utilization of Artemisia as a transformative botanical resource for health, industry, and sustainability.