Effects of Exercise on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Responses in Adults and Childhood Cancer Survivors: The Role of NETosis and Low-Grade Inflammation as a Novel Therapeutic Target-A Narrative Review.
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Cancer survivors (CS) constitute an expanding population with underrecognized cardiometabolic risk. Despite substantial improvements in five-year survival rates, both childhood and adult survivors remain at high risk for premature morbidity and mortality. These risks are particularly pronounced following exposure to anthracyclines and/or chest radiotherapy, typically in a dose-dependent manner. In Chile, the establishment of the National Pediatric Antineoplastic Drug Program (PINDA) in 1998 marked a milestone in improving equitable access to high-quality pediatric oncology care through evidence-based treatment protocols across the public health system; the adult counterpart (PANDA) has developed diagnostic, treatment, and monitoring protocols for hematological neoplasms. Few prospective cohort or mechanistic studies have clarified risk stratification or surveillance strategies in survivor populations. The regulated, short-term activation of inflammation and innate immunity can be an adaptive and protective response to tissue injury, whereas persistent low-grade inflammation may trigger neutrophil extracellular traps formation (NETosis) and other maladaptive pathways that accelerate endothelial injury, thrombosis, and adverse cardiovascular remodeling. NETosis represents a putative immunomodulatory target for therapeutic immunomodulation in heart failure and maladaptive left ventricular remodeling in preclinical models. Concurrently, skeletal muscle-derived and hormonal mediators known as exerkines-together with increased NET activity-may modulate the pathophysiology of chronic cardiometabolic disease and contribute to cancer progression, particularly in the context of obesity, diabetes, and insulin resistance. Structured exercise is a promising non-pharmacological intervention that modulates inflammatory and metabolic pathways and may thereby help prevent non-communicable diseases, including cancer. We synthesize basic and clinical evidence to (1) define how cancer therapies promote low-grade inflammation and NETosis; (2) describe how exerkines and structured exercise influence cardiometabolic biology; and (3) evaluate exercise as a mechanistic and clinically pragmatic strategy to reduce long-term CVD risk in pediatric and adult CS.