This review posits a testable 'vicious triad' in PD where gut-derived triggers, cGAS‑STING–driven neuroinflammation, and astrocyte/glymphatic clearance failure form a self‑amplifying loop and proposes combinatorial interventions (microbiome engineering, STING antagonists, astrocyte modulation,…

This review synthesizes evidence that immunosenescence and chronic inflammaging drive neurodegeneration by disrupting microglial and astrocyte homeostasis, mitochondrial and barrier function, and protein-aggregate clearance, and it surveys actionable therapeutic strategies—senolytics,…

This review synthesizes preclinical evidence that diverse flavonoids (e.g., baicalein, quercetin, apigenin, luteolin, EGCG) provide multi-target neuroprotection in PD by modulating dopamine, serotonin, glutamate and acetylcholine systems and by impacting α‑synuclein pathology, mitochondrial…

Narrative review showing that alpha‑lipoic acid and biotin converge on mitochondrial, redox, and inflammatory pathways with consistent preclinical benefit but heterogeneous and limited clinical evidence across neurodegenerative diseases.

Narrative review integrating clinical, metagenomic, metabolomic and mechanistic data that links PD-associated gut dysbiosis (reduced SCFAs, pro-inflammatory metabolic shifts, barrier dysfunction) to intestinal immune activation, α-synuclein aggregation and neuroinflammation, framing the gut…

Comprehensive review linking TLR2-driven chronic inflammation and metabolic dysfunction in type 2 diabetes to neuroinflammation, mitochondrial and BBB pathology, and outlining therapeutic strategies (drugs, supplements, and antidiabetic repurposing) that could mitigate diabetes-associated…

In an acute MPTP mouse model, a GLP-2 analogue and a GLP-2/GIP dual agonist improved motor performance and reduced α‑synuclein accumulation, neuroinflammation (TNF‑α, NF‑κB) and apoptosis (↓Bax, ↑Bcl‑2), with the dual agonist showing superior effects.

TNFα promotes α-synuclein accumulation and impairs the malate–aspartate shuttle in patient iPSC-derived enteric neurons, driving a shift to glutamine oxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction that is partly rescued by Chicago-Sky-Blue 6B, and mirroring inflammation-associated metabolic and α-syn changes…

This review links disrupted lipid metabolism—altered cholesterol trafficking, sphingolipid/ceramide pathways, and phospholipid remodeling—to neuroinflammation and cell-type–specific metabolic shifts that increase neuronal vulnerability, and it outlines therapeutic approaches (ApoE modulation,…

Shotgun metagenomics of stool from PD patients, controls, and IBS-C showed taxonomic differences but conserved functional deficits in PD—notably reduced microbial tryptophan biosynthesis, polyamine production, and B‑vitamin metabolism—while constipated PD patients trended toward higher circulating…

This broad review highlights benzimidazole as a versatile medicinal chemistry scaffold with preclinical MAO-B inhibitors, dopamine receptor modulators, and NMDA antagonists and reports favourable ADMET/BBB properties, but provides limited PD-specific in vivo or clinical evidence.

This preclinical study shows polydopamine nanoparticles (synthetic neuromelanin) protect dopaminergic neurons in 6-OHDA Parkinson's models by scavenging ROS, normalizing iron metabolism, inhibiting ferroptosis, reducing microglial activation, and rescuing motor/gait deficits.

This review synthesizes evidence that klotho exerts broad neuroprotective effects—reducing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, stabilizing synapses, supporting myelination and proteostatic clearance—and outlines therapeutic approaches (recombinant protein, gene therapy, small molecules,…

In a 6-OHDA rat model of Parkinson's disease, oral rutin (10 mg/kg for 14 days) reduced intestinal inflammation—decreasing intraepithelial lymphocytes, goblet cell changes, and ileal Paneth cell hyperplasia—while selected gut bacterial taxa measured by PCR were unchanged.

The study encapsulates a potent but poorly soluble MAO-B inhibitor into nanostructured lipid carriers (with luminescent carbon dots) and reports ~10-fold greater BBB permeation in an in vitro model plus retained antioxidant activity in SH-SY5Y cells with moderate cell tolerance.

Comprehensive review synthesizing human and animal evidence that gut microbiota dysbiosis, altered microbial metabolites, and increased intestinal permeability contribute to α-synuclein misfolding and neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s disease, and that microbiome-targeted interventions (diet,…

Narrative review that frames PD around three interconnected metabolic axes—mitochondrial and glucose/lipid dysfunction, chronic oxidative stress, and glial reprogramming—with α-synuclein as a central integrator, and advocates integrating high-quality RNA‑Seq and bioinformatics to define molecular…

Comprehensive review linking cholesterol dysregulation to neurodegeneration and evaluating statins' pleiotropic (cholesterol-dependent and -independent) neuroprotective mechanisms—highlighting inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and mixed clinical outcomes across AD, PD, HD,…

This computational network-pharmacology study of lavender and rose essential oils identifies 252 shared protein targets across neuropsychiatric disorders, highlights CHRM2 (muscarinic GPCR) and NR1H3 (LXR) as central hubs, and supports terpenoid binding to these targets via docking, MD, and MM/PBSA…

A broad review summarizing neuroprotective strategies for PD—gene therapy, exosomes, microbiome modulation, vagus nerve stimulation, anti-inflammatory approaches, and sex-hormone factors—focused on underlying molecular mechanisms and combined therapies.

This review compiles preclinical evidence that hyaluronic acid (HA)–based biomaterials modulate neuroinflammation, autophagic flux, α‑synuclein propagation, and ECM remodeling while enabling targeted drug/gene delivery and scaffolded cell transplantation in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.

Review synthesizing PD molecular mechanisms—α-synuclein, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, impaired autophagy, sirtuins and insulin/incretin signaling—and evaluating phytochemicals (resveratrol, curcumin, quercetin, baicalein, berberine, EGCG) and incretin mimetics as multi-target…

This review summarizes evidence that lipid droplets modulate neuronal lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, and interact with α-synuclein, and proposes targeting LD dynamics (e.g., lipophagy or LD-associated proteins) as therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases including…

Narrative review synthesizing preclinical and clinical evidence that gut microbiota perturbations alter brain function through neural (vagus), immune (cytokine/neuroinflammation), and metabolic (SCFAs, TMAO, tryptophan derivatives) pathways and noting associations between dysbiosis and…

Comprehensive review detailing how long non-coding RNAs regulate key neurodegenerative processes (protein aggregation, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, LLPS, exosome signaling), their detectability as liquid-biopsy biomarkers, and therapeutic targeting strategies (ASOs, gene editing,…